Variable angle photoelectron spectroscopy of the fluoroethylenes

He I photoelectron spectra of fluoroethylene, 1,1‐difluoroethylene, cis‐1,2‐difluoroethylene, trans‐1,2‐difluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, and perfluoroethylene were obtained over the scattering angle range of 45° to 120° and compared with those of ethylene. Vibrational frequencies of the ionic states were measured and their symmetry modes assigned. The asymmetry parameter β as a function of the ionization potential was measured for each molecule. The value of β for the first ionization potential band of these molecules was found to decrease monotonically with increasing fluorine substitution. This variation was interpreted as being due to resonance mixing of the lone pair F π orbitals with C–C π orbitals. The data obtained were used to assign some of the spectral bands observed

IMPEDIMENTS TO CONTROLLING LEAFY SPURGE IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

Leafy spurge is an invasive noxious weed, which by definition means it is inordinately difficult to control. The objective of this report is to present the results of focus group meetings and personal interviews with ranchers, local decision makers, and public land managers to discover strategies to improve leafy spurge management. Participants in the interviews and focus group meetings managed property in Fallon, Carter, and Wibaux Counties of Montana; Golden Valley, Bowman, Billings, and Slope Counties of North Dakota; Harding County of South Dakota; and Crook County of Wyoming. Ranchers and local decision makers believe that leafy spurge control must become more proactive rather than reactive; current strategies are largely reactive. Interviews with ranchers and local decision makers revealed that a considerable gap in understanding how to control leafy spurge exists between researchers and those attempting to combat the weed. Interviewers often mentioned that they have been unable to eradicate leafy spurge, which indicates that the current mind set of ranchers and land managers needs to change to one focusing more on controlling and managing leafy spurge rather than eradication. Specific recommendations would include 1) reducing the current levels of herbicide application rates - which are often two to three times higher than rates recommended by weed scientists, 2) must appreciate that herbicides are but one tool in the battle against leafy spurge, 3) must understand that in many cases eradication of leafy spurge will not be possible - the goal should be trying to control it, and 4) rangeland rental rates need to reflect current levels of weed infestations. Records of weed infestations (e.g., acreage, location, rate of spread, attempts at control) on public lands are woefully inadequate. Cooperation between ranchers, county weed boards, and public land agencies could be improved to enhance the effectiveness of existing control programs. Weed control regardless of land ownership is important for ranchers, absentee landowners, and public agencies to effectively control leafy spurge. In general, ranchers and land managers need to generate a broader base of support for control of leafy spurge, since the weed attacks the entire ecosystem and is not just an agricultural problem.leafy spurge management, ranchers, county weed boards, public land managers, policy makers, Farm Management, Production Economics,

On a certain family of generalized Laguerre polynomials

Following the work of Schur and Coleman, we prove the generalized Laguerre polynomial is irreducible over the rationals for all n⩾1 and has Galois group An if n+1 is an odd square, and Sn otherwise. We also show that for certain negative integer values of α and certain congruence classes of n modulo 8, the splitting field of Ln(α)(x) can be embedded in a double cover

CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISON INDUSTRY TO THE NORTH DAKOTA ECONOMY

The commercial bison industry is relatively new to North Dakota. There were an estimated 23,000 head of bison in North Dakota in 1998, and these animals were found in 47 of 53 counties. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic contribution of the bison industry to the North Dakota economy. A survey of North Dakota bison producers and processors was conducted to provide estimates of direct impacts of bison activities within the state. Secondary economic impacts were determined using the North Dakota Input-Output Model. The direct impact of production and processing of bison in North Dakota in 1998 was estimated at $23 million. The$23 million in direct impacts generated an additional $47 million in secondary impacts within the state. The North Dakota bison industry supported a total of 757 secondary full- time equivalent (FTE) jobs within the state. Total economic activity generated within the state was estimated at$70 million, including $27 million in personal income and nearly$18 million in retail sales. In addition, the bison industry generated 4 million in tax revenue (including property, personal income, sales & use, and corporate income taxes). The direct impact of bison production in 1998 ranked fourth in North Dakota's livestock industry; below cattle and calves, dairy products, and hogs, and above turkey and sheep. The average direct impact generated for every bison in the state was 1,000. Total economic activity generated per bison in 1998 was $3,100 (includes direct and secondary impacts from production and processing). For every 30 head of bison an additional secondary FTE job was supported.bison industry, bison production, bison processing, North Dakota, economic impact, Agribusiness, Production Economics,

Cecil Gerahty’s The Road to Madrid: An Anglo-Irish Falstaff in Spain’s Theatre of War

The main goal of this article is to make better known a largely neglected work on the Spanish Civil War, The Road to Madrid, and its author, Cecil Gerahty. The work, which combines war reportage with travelogue, is first situated in its publishing context and then its chief claims to historiographical notoriety are explained. There follows a survey of the biographical data available for Gerahty’s life and a sketch of his character and personality based on the internal evidence of his book. After a general overview of The Road to Madrid’s contents and main characteristics, Gerahty’s connoisseurial attitude to the conflict and his aestheticisation of trauma are examined, with a discussion of their possible causes and consequences

A COMPARISON OF SUSTAINABLE AND CONVENTIONAL FARMERS IN NORTH DAKOTA

Interviews and mail-out/mail-back surveys were conducted in 1992 with 38 conventional and 41 sustainable North Dakota farmers. The results emphasize the differences and similarities of these two types of farmers. Sustainable farms had more diverse cropping practices and were more likely to raise alternative crops like alfalfa, buckwheat, hay, millet, oats, and rye than conventional farmers. Conventional farmers were more likely to raise traditional crops like barley, sugar beets, sunflowers, and spring wheat. Conventional farmers averaged substantially higher crop yields than sustainable farmers. Three-fourths of the sustainable farmers raised livestock compared with one-half of the conventional farmers. Conventional farmers had greater equity, assets, gross farm income, and net farm income than sustainable farmers. Conventional and sustainable farmers reported nearly the same amount of satisfaction with farming as an occupation, the same stress levels, and the same perceived skill requirements.sustainable farms, conventional farms, organic, North Dakota, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management,

PERCEPTIONS OF LEAFY SPURGE BY PUBLIC LAND MANAGERS, LOCAL DECISION MAKERS, AND RANCH OPERATORS

A survey of 459 ranchers, 56 local decision makers, and 50 public land managers (565 total) was conducted to evaluate managerial, institutional, and social factors that may affect the rate and extent of implementation of various leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) controls. The study focused on a five-county region in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The questionnaire focused on weed management in general and specifically on the perceptions and attitudes of ranchers, land managers, and local decision makers who have been directly and indirectly affected by leafy spurge.leafy spurge, weed management, rancher opinion, public land manager opinions., Farm Management, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,